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  1. https://fjmufriends.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-monalisa/icons/wpml_rose.gif国家自然科学基金管理新规出台 经费今后怎么花

    《国家自然科学基金资助项目资金管理办法》(以下简称办法)日前由财政部、自然科学基金委联合修订发布。作为科研资金使用与管理的改革新举措,相关政策制定有何考虑?身处科研一线的工作者怎么看?如何让科研资金财尽其用、真正促进我国科技创新?就相关问题,记者采访了自然科学基金委相关部门负责人和科研一线工作者。

    依托单位从只拿5%管理费,变为水、电、暖、绩效等可依规列支间接费用

    “多年来,来自国家财政投入的科研经费,只能用于科研本身的直接成本,对于支撑学校整体科研实力的基本设施建设、管理运行与人才培养、学科建设等,一直都没能发挥补偿和支持作用。由于经费不足、资源紧张,教师开展科研活动,往往面临‘无锅下米’或‘锅小了不好盛米’的尴尬。”南京一所理工科高校教授李伟(应要求为化名)告诉记者,此番改革有望从制度层面,改善科研成本补偿机制。

    国家自然科学基金委员会财务局局长郑仲文介绍,从前项目经费包括研究经费、国际合作与交流经费、管理费及劳务费。修订后,与科学研究直接相关的部分,即设备费、材料费等研究经费、国际合作与交流经费及劳务费被作为直接费用,原来的管理费被单列成间接费用。间接费用是依托单位在组织实施科研项目过程中,无法在直接费用中列支的相关费用,主要包括为项目提供的仪器设备及房屋、水、电、气、暖消耗及绩效支出。

    “以前,对依托单位的管理成本补助,只占项目经费总额的5%,与实际需求相差较大,新办法以间接费用的形式,提高了对依托单位的管理成本补偿,以绩效支出形式提供了对科研工作者的激励。”郑仲文表示,建立了项目间接成本补偿机制,不仅是落实国家政策要求,也是与国际惯例接轨。例如,美国国家科学基金会(NSF)很早就实行了间接费用政策。一般来说,NSF会通过与各高校进行谈判,来确定间接经费在整个资助经费中所占的比例。谈判学校科研水平越高,所在地区经济发展水平越高,间接经费所占比例就会相对较高。

    郑仲文表示,办法中的项目间接成本补偿机制结合了我国科研管理实际。“我们对间接费用,制定了统一的上限比例,同时要求间接费用的核定,要和依托单位的管理状况、信用等级挂钩,以促进依托单位履职尽责,加强项目和资金管理,为科学基金项目的组织实施提供有效的保障。”

    劳务费从15%变为上不封顶,会议费等三项支出在不超预算前提下可调剂使用

    “探索性研究项目当然可能失败,必要时,适当调整研究方向也是允许的。”江苏省内一家医药类高校教授张伟(应本人要求为化名),曾多次申请过国家自然科学基金。他告诉记者,一项试验一旦失败,就得另起炉灶,不但此前思路和试验材料作废,还需投入更多新的原材料、试剂等,原来20万元的预算,很可能就变成了50万元。再比如,科研中与合作方专家沟通非常重要,如果专家临时有事要去外地甚至国外,额外增加的差旅费往往无法避免。但这些资金使用的“变故”由于与申报预算有别,审计时往往会被卡死。

    郑仲文表示,正是考虑到基础研究的探索性和不确定性,办法进一步下放了部分预算调整权限——将原来全部预算调整事项均需报自然科学基金委批准,调整为特定预算如需调整,由项目负责人根据科研活动的实际需要提出申请,报依托单位审批。“放宽了部分资金使用条件,就是为了突出人在科研中的核心作用,让科研人员能够更好地进行基础研究的自由探索。”

    对此,曾获多项国家自然科学基金的东南大学土木工程学院的何小元教授举了个例子。按此前规定,自由探索类基金的分配是劳务费15%以内、国际交流费15%以内、管理费5%,剩下部分为出差、仪器设备、材料等研究费用。重大立项类基金的分配,是劳务费10%以内、国际交流费10%以内、管理费5%。按办法中规定,项目直接费用预算确需调整的,会议费、差旅费、国际合作与交流费在不突破三项支出预算总额的前提下,可以调剂使用,这样一来,资金安排更合理、更灵活。

    对于办法扩大了劳务费的开支范围,并取消劳务费比例限制等规定,郑仲文坦承,以前项目经费不能用于支付在职人员的绩效,只有极少部分用来支付非项目人员如研究生的劳务费。这种方式被诟病为“见物不见人”,不利于激发研究人员的创新热情。何小元告诉记者,“按2002年的方案,劳务费占15%的比例,现在则上不封顶。”他认为,这一变化有利于鼓励教师带动更多学生投入科研项目,充分锻炼和发挥其才智和潜力。

    在张伟看来,完善结余资金管理也有很强的现实意义。“一般情况下,申报自然科学基金的项目都不是白手起家,必然有一定的基础,这些投入从哪里来?”张伟分析,办法规定结余资金经监督管理在两年内由依托单位统筹安排,专门用于基础研究的直接支出,这让高校的科研经费增加了一定的自主性。何小元也认为,结余资金可用来支持后续的专利申请、论文发表及后续项目预研,而新办法中的定额补助和成本补偿等资助方式,也尽可能将科研失败造成的风险降到最低,很符合科研规律。

    不仅有严格的财务监管制度,还有评价、承诺和公开机制

    “科研经费的使用与管理,这两年越来越严格规范了。”张伟坦言,科研经费以往管理漏洞不少,多年前就曾有高校教师在外开设私人公司,通过签订协议,将资金外转到该公司名下使用,直接导致科研经费“体外循环”。

    而随着近年来经费管理渐趋严格,专业审计人员开始入驻高校加强监管,与项目无关的经费支出得到了遏制。何小元说,近年来,学校严格按照预算书报销,预算中没有的费用都不能报销。而在张伟所在的学校,课题负责人有专门的经费卡,报销需同时出具发票和经费卡,要经包括科研管理部门负责人在内的三人签名才能生效,虚假发票已很难蒙混过关。

    办法中出台了一系列对项目资金使用的监督管理的举措,包括要求建立符合自然科学基金特点的绩效管理、评价机制和项目资金管理承诺、信用和公开机制等。对何小元来说,科研经费的监管正是他最关心的内容。

    何小元认为,从硬性管理的角度说,严格的财务制度必不可少,同时,包括承诺机制、评价体系等在内的软性管理也非常重要。“研究工作的诚信记录是非常必要的,资金给哪些人可以做出成果来,都可以通过连续的监督来辨别。就像学生学得如何,能从平时表现看得出来一样。”何小元认为。

    南京工业大学一位教授告诉记者,要提高科研基金使用效率、杜绝学术腐败,一方面需要加强职业素养,另一方面也要给他们合理的待遇,抓成果、讲实效的绩效奖励就非常必要。(国家自然科学基金管理使用有了新规定 科研经费今后怎么花(聚焦·科研体制改革))

    更多阅读
    基金委就《资金管理办法》修订情况答记者问
    专家解读新基金资助管理办法:条件宽了监管严了
    国家自然科学基金资助项目资金管理办法发布

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