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记罗莎琳德·富兰克林:透过诺奖看见那美丽身影
■苏澈
1962年,美国科学家沃森与英国科学家克里克、威尔金斯因研究DNA双螺旋结构模型的成果,分享了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖,却鲜有人追问:明明是四个人的功劳,为什么只有三个人拿奖?
DNA双螺旋结构在今天每个人都不陌生,除了生物课本上的彩色照片外,要获得一个立体模型也不是什么麻烦的事情。1962年,美国科学家沃森与英国科学家克里克、威尔金斯因研究DNA双螺旋结构模型的成果,分享了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
1953年4月25日,英国《自然》杂志除了发表沃森、克里克的那篇优美精练、宣告DNA分子双螺旋结构模型诞生的著名短文之外,还有罗莎琳德·富兰克林和威尔金斯的另外两篇论文——它们以实验报告和数据分析支持了沃森、克里克的论文。
却鲜有人追问:明明是四个人的功劳,为什么只有三个人拿奖?
实际上,三人获奖时,富兰克林已在4年前因卵巢癌而去世。按惯例,诺贝尔奖不授予已经去世的人。但即使她仍在人世,四人中能获奖的会是哪三位?性别差异是否会成为公平竞争的障碍?这是一个永远也不会有答案的问题。
富兰克林于1921年生于英国伦敦一个富裕的犹太人家庭,15岁时就立志要当科学家。二战后,她前往法国学习X射线衍射技术,其间发表了一些关于煤炭的研究论文,在国际上收获了一些名声,部分发现在化学工业领域获得应用。1950年,富兰克林受聘前往伦敦大学国王学院任职。
她所工作的部门是物理学家约翰·兰道尔主持的生物物理研究单位——医学研究委员会。本来富兰克林的研究主题应该是蛋白质的X射线晶体衍射,不过到了国王学院之后,兰道尔重新指派她投入脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)化学结构的研究。
当时人们已经知道了DNA可能是遗传物质,但是对于DNA的结构以及它如何在生命活动中发挥作用的机制还不甚了解。
已经从事该项研究一段时间的男同事威尔金斯不喜欢富兰克林涉足自己的研究领域,但他又需要富兰克林的X射线衍射技术。富兰克林却始终坚持两人处于平等地位。工作之外,两人在私人生活中几乎不讲话。当时的女科学家还处处受到歧视,女性甚至不被准许在高级休息室里用午餐。但这没有阻挡富兰克林的研究脚步。
富兰克林非常擅长拍摄晶体的X射线衍射照片,1952年5月,她与威尔金斯的学生葛斯林一道,获得了一张B型DNA的X射线晶体衍射照片——“照片51号”。这张照片曾经被X射线晶体衍射先驱之一约翰·贝尔纳称赞为“几乎是有史以来最美的一张X射线照片”。但她并未发表研究成果,而且由于A型结构的数据仍不足以支持螺旋型,因此富兰克林继续将研究焦点放在A型DNA。
此时,沃森和克里克也在剑桥大学进行DNA结构的研究,威尔金斯在富兰克林本人并不知情的情况下给他们看了那张照片。根据照片,二人很快就领悟到了DNA的结构——两条以磷酸为骨架的链相互缠绕形成了双螺旋结构,氢键把它们联结在一起。他们在1953年5月25日出版的英国《自然》杂志上报告了这一发现。这是生物学的一座里程碑,分子生物学时代的开端。
富兰克林的贡献是毋庸置疑的。她分辨出了DNA的两种构型,并成功地拍摄了它的X射线衍射照片。沃森和克里克未经她的许可使用了这张照片,但她并不在意,反而为他们的发现感到高兴,甚至发表了一篇证实DNA双螺旋结构的文章。后来富兰克林离开了国王学院,前往同样属于伦敦大学的伯贝克学院,也并未带走她的研究成果。1956年9月,富兰克林发现腹部有两个肿瘤,并最终于1958年 4月16日因卵巢癌逝世于英国伦敦。X射线或家族遗传被认为是杀死她的两大原因。
后来沃森与克里克皆坦承,富兰克林的研究结果是建构双螺旋结构的必要线索。克里克在一篇纪念DNA结构发现40周年的文章中说道:“富兰克林的贡献没有受到足够的肯定,她清楚地阐明两种型态的DNA,并且定出A型DNA的密度、大小与对称性。”2003年,国王学院将新大楼命名为“罗莎琳德—威尔金斯馆”时,沃森在命名演说中说道:“罗莎琳德的贡献是我们能够有这项重大发现的关键。”
《中国科学报》 (2014-07-04 第12版 视界)
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中国尖端女性科学家为何极其稀缺?
2014-07-07 09:38 来源: 生命科学研究快报 点击次数:116 关键词: 中国 女性 科学家
1 我国女性科研人员的基本情况
为直观显示我国女性科研人员的情况,本文从在校本科生的女性比例到代表我国科学技术方面的最高学术称号的“院士”女性比例来看我国女性科技人员的情况。由表1不难发现越往“高尖端”,科技女性占比越少。
表1 我国科研人员中女性占比情况
注:此次统计数据参考
① 《中国女性科研员超2100万 撑起科技界的“半边天”》
② 《我国女性高层科学家的老龄化趋势让韦钰有种危机感》
③ 《科技部公布973计划立项项目清单(2011年度)》
④ 《国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)各领域主题专家组成员建议名单》
2 我国促进女性科技人员发展的一些举措
(1)国务院颁布了《中国妇女发展纲要(2011~2020年)》
2011年,国务院颁布的《中国妇女发展纲要(2011~2020年)》明确指出,加大女性技术技能人才培养力度。完善科技人才政策,探索建立多层次、多渠道的女性科技人才培养体系。依托国家重点实验室、重大科研项目和重大工程建设项目,聚集、培养女性专业技术人才和技能人才。
(2)中华全国妇女联合会开展“女性高层次人才成长状况研究与政策推动项目”
实际上,我国女性科研人员,特别是高层次科研人员占比较少的这一客观情况已经引起了一些机构的重视,例如中华全国妇女联合会(以下简称全国妇联)启动相关研究项目。2010年3月,为促进我国女性人才成长,全国妇联启动了“女性高层次人才成长状况研究与政策推动项目”。实施该项目的宗旨和目标是,围绕国家人才强国战略的总体部署,探索女性高层人才特别是科技领域女性人才成长的规律,推动出台更多有利于女性人才成长的政策措施,有效解决女性高层人才,特别是管理和科技领域女性高层人才不足的问题,创造更加有利于女性高层人才成长的社会环境。为保证项目的顺利开展,项目还成立了专家委员会,并将与中央组织部、教育部、科技部、人力资源和社会保障部、卫生部等10部门协作完成项目。
2013年6月,该项目结题。该研究认为,科技领域女性高层人才偏少不是因为女性在科研能力和工作态度上逊色于男性,而是社会文化和政策制度的制约。对于政策方面,该研究借鉴国外和我国在其他领域的经验,提供一些建议,例如,可规定各个学术委员会的女性占比;让女性科学家更多地参与科技政策的制定与执行过程;加强性别统计,及时掌握科技领域的性别平衡发展情况;针对工作家庭冲突较为严重的情况,国家应提供适应需要的幼儿照料和照顾老人等支持性措施。
(3)国家自然科学基金委员采取措施培养和扶持我国女性科研人员
国家自然科学基金委员会在大力扶持女性科研人员参加科学研究的同时,不断扩大女性科学家参与科学基金资助决策的范围。国家自然科学基金委员会针对女性科研人员的自身特点,提出了培养和扶持我国女性科研人员具体举措,同等条件下“女士优先”;积极吸纳女性科研人员参与评审工作以及逐步增加专家评审组中的女性成员人数;放宽女性申请青年科学基金年龄到40岁;进一步明确女性可以因生育而延长在研项目结题时间的政策;逐步增加专家评审组中的女性成员人数。
在此类相关措施的推动下,女性科研人员受自然科学基金委的资助率增长。例如,从目标定位为培养高层科研人员的“国家杰出青年科学基金项目”来看(表2),2004~2008年,女性占获得资助的人数占比平均为6%,2009~2013年,女性占获得资助的人数占比平均为10%。另外,2010年,在自然科学基金提出“同等条件下女性科研人员优先的资助政策”的引导下,女性获得青年科学基金项目的人数,2010年比2009年增加了约37%。
表2 2004~2013年国家杰出青年科学基金项目获得者女性占比分布
注:本表的女性国家杰出青年数据主要来自每年国家杰出青年科学基金项目的获得者名单或候选人名单。
(4)设立激励女性科学家的专门奖项
我国这类专门为女性科研人员设立的奖项并不多,以“中国青年女科学家奖”影响较大。
为了在全球范围内彰显女性在科学领域发挥的重要作用,1998年,欧莱雅与联合国教科文组织共同创立“为投身于科学的女性”计划。作为这一计划的延伸和发展,“中国青年女科学家奖”由中华全国妇女联合会、中国科学技术协会、中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会等于2004年创立。10年间,共有86位女科学家获奖(资助额每人约10万元)。
3 小结
由上可知,我国女性科研人员占整个科研人员的比例约1/3,然而在高级科研队伍中,女性“高尖端”人才占比仅在5%左右。针对,这一现状,我国也采取了一些措施,自上而下设立战略规划,研究项目,女性特别奖项,然而,不得不承认,这些措施的影响力或资助力度还是不够的,因为目前“高尖端”女性人才仍远远少于男性仍是不争事实。当然,这一情形不是我国独有国情。例如,2013年欧盟委员会发布的“她指数”( She-Figures)显示,在科研投入最大的相关产业领域,女科研人员的比例更是只有19%。
要改变这一现状,国家相关管理机构或可借鉴《女性高层次人才成长状况研究与政策推动项目》所提建议,包括规定各个学术委员会的女性占比;让女性科学家更多地参与科技政策的制定与执行过程;加强性别统计,及时掌握科技领域的性别平衡发展情况;针对工作家庭冲突较为严重的情况,国家应提供适应需要的幼儿照料和照顾老人等支持性措施。关于“加强性别统计”这一建议,笔者在搜集数据过程中就有深切体会,从《国家自然科学基金资助项目统计资料》到《中国科学院统计年鉴》等统计资料中,鲜见性别方面的统计内容。
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